/* ============================================
   Adam Talib — "Iron Gall Ink" Theme
   Editorial palimpsest: manuscript culture
   meets contemporary scholarship
   ============================================ */

/* --- Skip link (accessibility) --- */
.skip-link {
  position: absolute;
  top: -100%;
  left: 1rem;
  background: var(--color-ink);
  color: var(--color-surface);
  padding: 0.5rem 1rem;
  border-radius: 0 0 4px 4px;
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  z-index: 9999;
  text-decoration: none;
  transition: top 0.1s;
}
.skip-link:focus {
  top: 0;
  outline: 2px solid var(--color-rust);
  outline-offset: 2px;
}

/* --- Focus-visible system: keyboard users get a clear ring, mouse users don't see it --- */
:focus-visible {
  outline: 2px solid var(--color-rust);
  outline-offset: 3px;
  border-radius: 2px;
}
/* Links and buttons can opt out of the rounded ring for tighter spacing */
a:focus-visible, button:focus-visible {
  outline-offset: 3px;
}
/* Remove the default :focus ring once :focus-visible is supported (it is everywhere modern) */
*:focus:not(:focus-visible) { outline: none; }
/* Form field focus: use border + box-shadow for a tonal ring instead of outline */
.contact-form input:focus-visible,
.contact-form textarea:focus-visible {
  outline: none;
  border-color: var(--color-rust);
  box-shadow: 0 0 0 3px rgba(157, 92, 45, 0.18);
}

/* --- Reset --- */
*, *::before, *::after {
  box-sizing: border-box;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
}

/* --- Design Tokens --- */
:root {
  /* Palette — Iron Gall Ink */
  --color-bg:           #f4f0e8;   /* vellum */
  --color-surface:      #faf8f4;   /* lighter vellum */
  --color-surface-alt:  #efeae0;   /* warm shadow */
  --color-ink:          #1b1713;   /* near-black ink */
  --color-ink-mid:      #4a4038;   /* mid ink */
  --color-ink-light:    #7a6e62;   /* faded ink */
  --color-ink-faint:    #b0a89c;   /* ghost ink */

  /* Accents */
  --color-rust:         #6b3a24;   /* iron gall — primary accent */
  --color-rust-hover:   #4f2a18;
  --color-rust-light:   #f0e8e0;   /* tint for tags/bg */
  --color-verdigris:    #3b6b5a;   /* oxidised copper — secondary accent */
  --color-verdigris-light: #e4efeb;

  /* Borders */
  --color-border:       #d8d0c4;
  --color-border-light: #e8e2d8;

  /* Typography */
  --font-display:  'Cormorant Garamond', 'Georgia', serif;
  --font-body:     'EB Garamond', 'Georgia', serif;
  --font-ui:       'DM Sans', -apple-system, sans-serif;
  --font-arabic:   'Amiri', 'Traditional Arabic', serif;

  /* Layout */
  --max-width:     1180px;
  --header-height: 100px;

  /* Motion */
  --ease-out: cubic-bezier(0.16, 1, 0.3, 1);
}

/* --- Base --- */
html {
  font-size: 18px;
  scroll-behavior: smooth;
  -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;
}

body {
  font-family: var(--font-body);
  color: var(--color-ink);
  background-color: var(--color-bg);
  line-height: 1.75;
  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
  /* Subtle paper grain via SVG noise */
  background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='300' height='300'%3E%3Cfilter id='n'%3E%3CfeTurbulence type='fractalNoise' baseFrequency='0.75' numOctaves='4' stitchTiles='stitch'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix type='saturate' values='0'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Crect width='300' height='300' filter='url(%23n)' opacity='0.022'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");
}

/* Page fade-in — only when user has not requested reduced motion */
@keyframes pageFadeIn {
  from { opacity: 0; transform: translateY(6px); }
  to   { opacity: 1; transform: translateY(0); }
}
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference) {
  .site-main {
    animation: pageFadeIn 0.4s var(--ease-out) both;
  }
}

/* --- Links --- */
a {
  color: var(--color-rust);
  text-decoration: none;
  position: relative;
}

/* Animated underline for body links */
.page-content a,
.pub-description a {
  background-image: linear-gradient(var(--color-rust), var(--color-rust));
  background-size: 100% 1px;
  background-repeat: no-repeat;
  background-position: 0 100%;
  transition: background-size 0.25s var(--ease-out), color 0.2s, background-position 0.25s var(--ease-out);
  padding-bottom: 1px;
}
.page-content a:hover,
.pub-description a:hover,
.page-content a:focus-visible,
.pub-description a:focus-visible {
  background-size: 100% 2px;
  color: var(--color-rust-hover);
  text-decoration: none;
}

a:hover { color: var(--color-rust-hover); }

img { max-width: 100%; height: auto; }

/* --- Header --- */
.site-header {
  height: var(--header-height);
  /* Tonally lighter than page bg, with translucency + blur to feel "above" content */
  background: rgba(250, 248, 244, 0.88);
  -webkit-backdrop-filter: saturate(1.1) blur(10px);
  backdrop-filter: saturate(1.1) blur(10px);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-border);
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  position: sticky;
  top: 0;
  z-index: 100;
  box-shadow: 0 1px 0 var(--color-border), 0 6px 18px -10px rgba(27,23,19,0.12);
}
/* Progressive enhancement: if backdrop-filter is unsupported, use opaque surface tone */
@supports not ((backdrop-filter: blur(1px)) or (-webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(1px))) {
  .site-header { background: var(--color-surface); }
}

.header-inner {
  width: 100%;
  max-width: var(--max-width);
  margin: 0 auto;
  padding: 0 2rem;
  gap: 3rem;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: space-between;
  height: var(--header-height);
}

/* Logotype — dual name treatment */
.site-logo {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  line-height: 1;
  text-decoration: none;
  gap: 0.2rem;
}
.logo-en {
  font-family: var(--font-display);
  font-size: 1.65rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  font-style: italic;
  color: var(--color-ink);
  letter-spacing: -0.01em;
  transition: color 0.2s;
}
.logo-ar {
  font-family: var(--font-arabic);
  font-size: 1.25rem;
  color: var(--color-ink-faint);
  letter-spacing: 0;
  transition: color 0.2s;
   align-self: flex-end;
}
.site-logo:hover .logo-en,
.site-logo:hover .logo-ar {
  color: var(--color-rust);
}

/* --- Navigation --- */
.site-nav {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 2.5rem;
   margin-left: auto;
}

.nav-list {
  display: flex;
  list-style: none;
  gap: 1.5rem;
  align-items: center;
}

.nav-parent-row {
  display: flex;
  align-items: stretch;
}

.nav-item > a {
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.95rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: 0.01em;
  color: var(--color-ink-mid);
  padding: 0.5rem 0;
   white-space: nowrap;
  text-decoration: none;
  box-shadow: inset 0 -1px 0 var(--color-border-light);
  transition: color 0.3s ease, background 0.15s, box-shadow 0.2s ease;
}
.nav-item > a::after {
  content: '';
  position: absolute;
  width: 0;
  height: 1px;
  bottom: 0;
  left: 0;
  background-color: var(--color-rust);
  transition: width 0.3s ease;
}
.nav-caret {
  display: inline-block;
  width: 0.45rem;
  height: 0.45rem;
  border-right: 1.5px solid currentColor;
  border-bottom: 1.5px solid currentColor;
  transform: rotate(45deg) translateY(-0.08rem);
  opacity: 0.75;
}

.nav-item > a:hover::after,
.nav-item > a.active::after,
.nav-item > a:focus-visible::after {
  width: 100%;
}
.nav-item > a:hover,
.nav-item > a.active,
.nav-item > a:focus-visible {
  color: var(--color-rust);
  background: var(--color-surface-alt);
  box-shadow: inset 0 -1px 0 var(--color-rust);
  text-decoration: none;
}

.dropdown-toggle {
  display: none;
  border: none;
  background: transparent;
  color: var(--color-ink-mid);
  padding: 0.5rem 0.4rem;
  cursor: pointer;
  min-width: 2.5rem;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
}

.dropdown-toggle:hover,
.dropdown-toggle:focus-visible {
  color: var(--color-rust);
  background: var(--color-surface-alt);
}

.external-icon {
  font-size: 0.65em;
  opacity: 0.4;
  vertical-align: super;
}

/* Dropdown */
.has-dropdown { position: relative; }
.dropdown {
  display: none;
  position: absolute;
  top: calc(100% + 4px);
  left: 0;
  background: var(--color-surface);
  border: 1px solid var(--color-border);
  min-width: 170px;
  padding: 0.4rem 0;
  list-style: none;
  z-index: 200;
}
.has-dropdown:hover .dropdown,
.has-dropdown:focus-within .dropdown { display: block; }
.dropdown li a {
  display: block;
  padding: 0.5rem 1.1rem;
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.78rem;
  font-weight: 400;
  color: var(--color-ink-mid);
  white-space: nowrap;
  transition: background 0.15s, color 0.15s;
}
.dropdown li a:hover {
  background: var(--color-rust-light);
  color: var(--color-rust);
}

/* Search link */
.search-link {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 0.45rem;
  color: var(--color-ink-mid);
  padding: 0.3rem 0.5rem;
  transition: color 0.15s, background 0.15s;
  margin-left: 2rem;
}
.search-link:hover {
  color: var(--color-rust);
  background: var(--color-surface);
  text-decoration: none;
}

.search-link-label {
  display: none;
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.84rem;
  font-weight: 500;
}

/* Language toggle */
/* Language toggle */
.lang-toggle {
  margin: 0;
   display: flex;
   align-items: center;
}

.lang-link {
  font-family: var(--font-arabic);
  font-size: 1.3rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  color: var(--color-rust);
  padding: 0.3rem 0.5rem;
  transition: background 0.15s, color 0.15s;
  text-decoration: none;
}
.lang-link:hover {
  background: var(--color-rust-light);
  color: var(--color-rust);
}
.lang-link.lang-ar {
  font-family: var(--font-arabic);
  font-size: 1.3rem; 
  font-weight: 600;
}
.lang-link.lang-en {
  font-family: var(--font-display);
  font-size: 1.05rem;
  font-weight: 600;
}
/* Mobile toggle */
.menu-toggle {
  display: none;
  background: none;
  border: none;
  cursor: pointer;
  padding: 0.5rem;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 0.55rem;
}
.hamburger {
  display: block;
  width: 20px;
  height: 1.5px;
  background: var(--color-ink);
  position: relative;
  transition: background 0.2s;
}
.hamburger::before, .hamburger::after {
  content: '';
  position: absolute;
  width: 20px;
  height: 1.5px;
  background: var(--color-ink);
  left: 0;
  transition: transform 0.2s;
}
.hamburger::before { top: -6px; }
.hamburger::after { top: 6px; }

.menu-toggle-label {
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.8rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 0.05em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--color-ink-mid);
}

/* --- Main Layout --- */
.site-main {
  max-width: var(--max-width);
  margin: 0 auto;
  padding: 3rem 1.5rem 5rem;
}

/* --- Article Hero Images --- */
.article-hero {
  margin: 2.5rem 0 3.5rem 0; /* Creates dramatic space below the title and above the text */
  width: 100%;
}

.article-hero-image {
  width: 100%;
  max-height: 500px;
  object-fit: cover;
  border-radius: 6px;
  box-shadow: 4px 18px 45px rgba(27,23,19,0.12);
}

/* --- Typography --- */
.page-title {
  font-family: var(--font-display);
  font-size: clamp(1.9rem, 1.3rem + 2.8vw, 2.8rem);
  font-weight: 700;
  font-style: italic;
  margin-bottom: 0.4rem;
  line-height: 1.15;
  letter-spacing: -0.02em;
  color: var(--color-ink);
}

.page-subtitle {
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.88rem;
  color: var(--color-ink-light);
  margin-bottom: 2.5rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.02em;
}

.page-content {
  font-size: 1.15rem;
  line-height: 1.85;
  color: var(--color-ink);
   max-width: 720px;
}
.page-content p { margin-bottom: 1.3rem; }

.page-intro {
  margin-bottom: 2rem;
}

.detail-tags {
  margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
}

.detail-section {
  margin-top: 2rem;
  padding-top: 1rem;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--color-border-light);
}

.detail-attachments {
  margin-top: 0.5rem;
}

.page-backlink {
  margin-top: 2rem;
}

.page-content h2 {
  font-family: var(--font-display);
  font-size: 1.6rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  font-style: normal;
  margin-top: 3rem;
  margin-bottom: 0.9rem;
  letter-spacing: -0.01em;
}

.page-content h3 {
  font-family: var(--font-display);
  font-size: 1.25rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  margin-top: 2rem;
  margin-bottom: 0.6rem;
}

.page-content ul, .page-content ol {
  margin-bottom: 1.3rem;
  padding-left: 1.6rem;
}
.page-content li { margin-bottom: 0.5rem; }

/* Typographically distinguished blockquotes — for review quotes */
.page-content blockquote {
  position: relative;
  margin: 2rem 0;
  padding: 1.2rem 1.5rem 1.2rem 2rem;
  border-left: 2px solid var(--color-rust);
  background: var(--color-surface);
  font-style: italic;
  font-size: 1.05rem;
  color: var(--color-ink-mid);
  line-height: 1.75;
}
.page-content blockquote::before {
  content: '\201C';
  position: absolute;
  top: -0.2rem;
  left: 0.5rem;
  font-family: var(--font-display);
  font-size: 3.5rem;
  line-height: 1;
  color: var(--color-rust);
  opacity: 0.25;
}
.page-content blockquote p { margin-bottom: 0; }

/* Section divider */
.section-rule {
  border: none;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--color-border);
  margin: 2.5rem 0;
}

/* --- About page --- */
.about-layout {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 300px 1fr;
  gap: 3.5rem;
  align-items: start;
  margin-bottom: 3.5rem;
}
.profile-image {
  width: 100%;
  aspect-ratio: 1;
  object-fit: cover;
  border-radius: 6px;
  box-shadow: 4px 18px 45px rgba(27,23,19,0.18);
}

/* --- Publications --- */
.section-header {
  display: flex;
  align-items: baseline;
  justify-content: space-between;
  margin-bottom: 2rem;
  padding-bottom: 0.8rem;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-border);
}
.section-header h1 { margin-bottom: 0; }
.section-count {
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.78rem;
  color: var(--color-ink-faint);
  letter-spacing: 0.04em;
}

.publications-intro {
  max-width: 46rem;
  margin-bottom: 1.8rem;
}

.publications-utility {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 0.6rem;
  margin: 0 0 2.6rem;
}

.publications-featured,
.publications-sections {
  margin-top: 2.4rem;
}

.publications-subhead {
  margin-bottom: 1.2rem;
}

.publication-section-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));
  gap: 1rem;
}

.publication-section-card {
  background: var(--color-surface);
  border: 1px solid var(--color-border-light);
  border-left: 3px solid var(--color-rust);
  padding: 1.35rem 1.4rem;
  transition: box-shadow 0.2s, border-left-color 0.2s, transform 0.2s;
}

.publication-section-card-link {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 88px 1fr;
  gap: 1rem;
  color: inherit;
  text-decoration: none;
}

.publication-section-card-link:hover,
.publication-section-card-link:focus-visible {
  text-decoration: none;
}

.publication-section-card:hover,
.publication-section-card:focus-within {
  box-shadow: 0 10px 24px rgba(27,23,19,0.08);
  border-left-color: var(--color-verdigris);
  transform: translateY(-1px);
}

.publication-section-art {
  align-self: start;
}

.publication-section-cover {
  width: 88px;
  aspect-ratio: 4 / 5;
  object-fit: cover;
  border-radius: 3px;
  box-shadow: 2px 6px 18px rgba(27,23,19,0.14);
  display: block;
}

.publication-section-body {
  min-width: 0;
}

.publication-section-count {
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.74rem;
  color: var(--color-ink-faint);
  letter-spacing: 0.04em;
  margin-bottom: 0.45rem;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}

.publication-section-card h3 {
  font-family: var(--font-display);
  font-size: 1.35rem;
  line-height: 1.25;
  margin-bottom: 0.45rem;
}

.publication-section-card h3 {
  color: var(--color-ink);
  text-decoration: underline;
  text-decoration-thickness: 1px;
  text-underline-offset: 0.16em;
  text-decoration-color: rgba(107, 58, 36, 0.45);
}

.publication-section-description {
  font-size: 0.98rem;
  line-height: 1.7;
  color: var(--color-ink-mid);
  margin-bottom: 0.9rem;
}

.publication-section-link {
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.8rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.03em;
  color: var(--color-rust);
  display: inline-block;
  padding-bottom: 0.06rem;
  border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(107, 58, 36, 0.45);
}

.pub-list {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 0;
}

.pub-card {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 110px 1fr;
  gap: 1.8rem;
  padding: 2rem 0;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-border-light);
}
.pub-card:first-child { padding-top: 0; }
.pub-card:last-child { border-bottom: none; }
.pub-card-noimage { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }

.pub-cover {
  width: 110px;
  border-radius: 3px;
  box-shadow: 2px 4px 14px rgba(27,23,19,0.14);
  align-self: start;
  transition: box-shadow 0.2s;
}

.pub-year {
  font-family: var(--font-display);
  font-size: 0.8rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  color: var(--color-rust);
  letter-spacing: 0.08em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  margin-bottom: 0.3rem;
}

.pub-info h3 {
  font-family: var(--font-display);
  font-size: 1.3rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  font-style: normal;
  margin-bottom: 0.3rem;
  line-height: 1.3;
  letter-spacing: -0.01em;
}
.pub-info h3 a {
  color: var(--color-ink);
  text-decoration: underline;
  text-decoration-thickness: 1px;
  text-underline-offset: 0.16em;
  text-decoration-color: rgba(107, 58, 36, 0.42);
  transition: color 0.2s, text-decoration-color 0.2s;
}
.pub-info h3 a:hover,
.pub-info h3 a:focus-visible {
  color: var(--color-rust);
  text-decoration-color: currentColor;
}

.pub-meta {
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.78rem;
  color: var(--color-ink-light);
  margin-bottom: 0.7rem;
  line-height: 1.5;
}

.pub-description {
  font-size: 0.97rem;
  line-height: 1.75;
  color: var(--color-ink-mid);
}

.pub-tags {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 0.35rem;
  margin-top: 0.8rem;
}
.pub-tag {
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.68rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: 0.03em;
  background: var(--color-rust-light);
  color: var(--color-rust);
  padding: 0.18rem 0.55rem;
  border-radius: 2px;
}

.pub-links {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 0.6rem;
  margin-top: 0.9rem;
}
.pub-link {
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.74rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: 0.02em;
  color: var(--color-rust);
  padding: 0.25rem 0.7rem;
  border: 1px solid var(--color-border);
  border-radius: 3px;
  transition: background 0.15s, border-color 0.15s;
  text-decoration: none;
}
.pub-link:hover {
  background: var(--color-rust-light);
  border-color: var(--color-rust);
  text-decoration: none;
  color: var(--color-rust);
}

.research-tag-filter {
  margin-bottom: 2rem;
}

.research-tag-link {
  text-decoration: none;
}

.research-card-tags {
  margin-top: 0.5rem;
}

/* --- Article list (compact) --- */
.article-list {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 0;
  counter-reset: article-counter;
}

.article-item {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 2.5rem 1fr;
  gap: 1rem;
  padding: 1.2rem 0;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-border-light);
  align-items: start;
  counter-increment: article-counter;
}
.article-item:last-child { border-bottom: none; }

.article-number {
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.78rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  color: var(--color-ink-faint);
  padding-top: 0.35rem;
  text-align: right;
  letter-spacing: 0.08em;
  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
}

.article-item h3 {
  font-family: var(--font-display);
  font-size: 1.08rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  font-style: normal;
  margin-bottom: 0.2rem;
  line-height: 1.4;
}
.article-item h3 a {
  color: var(--color-ink);
  text-decoration: underline;
  text-decoration-thickness: 1px;
  text-underline-offset: 0.16em;
  text-decoration-color: rgba(107, 58, 36, 0.42);
  transition: color 0.2s, text-decoration-color 0.2s;
}
.article-item h3 a:hover,
.article-item h3 a:focus-visible {
  color: var(--color-rust);
  text-decoration-color: currentColor;
}

/* --- Talks --- */
.talks-intro { margin-bottom: 2rem; }

.talk-list { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 0; }

.talk-card {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(220px, 260px) minmax(0, 1fr);
  gap: 1.6rem;
  padding: 2rem 0;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-border-light);
  align-items: start;
}
.talk-card:last-child { border-bottom: none; }

.talk-title {
  font-family: var(--font-display);
  font-size: 1.35rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  font-style: normal;
  margin-bottom: 0.3rem;
  line-height: 1.25;
  letter-spacing: -0.01em;
}
.talk-title a {
  color: var(--color-ink);
  text-decoration: underline;
  text-decoration-thickness: 1px;
  text-underline-offset: 0.16em;
  text-decoration-color: rgba(107, 58, 36, 0.42);
  transition: color 0.2s, text-decoration-color 0.2s;
}
.talk-title a:hover,
.talk-title a:focus-visible {
  color: var(--color-rust);
  text-decoration-color: currentColor;
}

.talk-meta {
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.78rem;
  color: var(--color-ink-light);
  margin-bottom: 0.9rem;
  line-height: 1.6;
  letter-spacing: 0.01em;
}

.talk-media {
  min-width: 0;
}

.talk-poster-link {
  position: relative;
  display: block;
  overflow: hidden;
  border-radius: 4px;
  background: var(--color-surface);
  border: 1px solid var(--color-border-light);
  box-shadow: 2px 8px 24px rgba(27,23,19,0.08);
  transition: transform 0.2s, box-shadow 0.2s, border-color 0.2s;
}
.talk-poster-link:hover,
.talk-poster-link:focus-visible {
  transform: translateY(-1px);
  box-shadow: 4px 14px 30px rgba(27,23,19,0.12);
  border-color: var(--color-border);
  text-decoration: none;
}

.talk-poster {
  display: block;
  width: 100%;
  aspect-ratio: 16 / 9;
  object-fit: cover;
  background: var(--color-surface-alt);
}

.talk-poster-fallback {
  background:
    linear-gradient(135deg, rgba(107, 58, 36, 0.1), rgba(59, 107, 90, 0.12)),
    var(--color-surface-alt);
}

.talk-media-badge {
  position: absolute;
  right: 0.8rem;
  bottom: 0.8rem;
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.68rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 0.06em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--color-surface);
  background: rgba(27, 23, 19, 0.78);
  padding: 0.28rem 0.55rem;
  border-radius: 999px;
}

.talk-actions {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 0.6rem;
  margin-bottom: 0.9rem;
}

.talk-action {
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.74rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: 0.03em;
  color: var(--color-rust);
  padding: 0.28rem 0.72rem;
  border: 1px solid var(--color-border);
  border-radius: 999px;
  background: var(--color-surface);
  transition: background 0.15s, border-color 0.15s, color 0.15s;
}

.talk-action:hover,
.talk-action:focus-visible {
  background: var(--color-rust-light);
  border-color: var(--color-rust);
  color: var(--color-rust);
  text-decoration: none;
}

.talk-description {
  margin-top: 0.5rem;
  max-width: 44rem;
}

/* --- Research Notes --- */
.research-list { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 1.2rem; }

.research-card {
  background: var(--color-surface);
  border: 1px solid var(--color-border-light);
  border-left: 3px solid var(--color-verdigris);
  padding: 1.4rem 1.5rem;
}
.research-card h3 {
  font-family: var(--font-display);
  font-size: 1.2rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  font-style: normal;
  margin-bottom: 0.3rem;
  letter-spacing: -0.01em;
}
.research-card h3 a {
  color: var(--color-ink);
  text-decoration: underline;
  text-decoration-thickness: 1px;
  text-underline-offset: 0.16em;
  text-decoration-color: rgba(107, 58, 36, 0.42);
  transition: color 0.2s, text-decoration-color 0.2s;
}
.research-card h3 a:hover,
.research-card h3 a:focus-visible {
  color: var(--color-rust);
  text-decoration-color: currentColor;
}

.research-date {
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.74rem;
  color: var(--color-ink-faint);
  margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.04em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}
.research-summary {
  font-size: 0.95rem;
  color: var(--color-ink-mid);
  line-height: 1.65;
}
.research-attachments {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 0.5rem;
  margin-top: 0.9rem;
}
.attachment-link {
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.72rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  color: var(--color-verdigris);
  padding: 0.2rem 0.6rem;
  border: 1px solid var(--color-verdigris);
  border-radius: 3px;
  transition: background 0.15s;
}
.attachment-link:hover {
  background: var(--color-verdigris-light);
  text-decoration: none;
  color: var(--color-verdigris);
}

/* --- Teaching --- */
.lesson-list { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 0.8rem; }
.lesson-card {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 3rem 1fr;
  gap: 1.2rem;
  align-items: start;
  padding: 1.1rem 1.2rem;
  background: var(--color-surface);
  border: 1px solid var(--color-border-light);
  border-radius: 4px;
  transition: border-color 0.2s;
}
.lesson-card:hover { border-color: var(--color-rust); }
.lesson-number {
  font-family: var(--font-display);
  font-size: 1.5rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  color: var(--color-rust);
  opacity: 0.5;
  font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums;
  line-height: 1;
  padding-top: 0.15rem;
  text-align: center;
}
.lesson-card h3 {
  font-family: var(--font-display);
  font-size: 1.1rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  font-style: normal;
  margin-bottom: 0.2rem;
}
.lesson-card h3 a {
  color: var(--color-ink);
  text-decoration: underline;
  text-decoration-thickness: 1px;
  text-underline-offset: 0.16em;
  text-decoration-color: rgba(107, 58, 36, 0.42);
}
.lesson-card h3 a:hover,
.lesson-card h3 a:focus-visible {
  color: var(--color-rust);
  text-decoration-color: currentColor;
}

/* --- CV --- */
.cv-section { margin-bottom: 3rem; }
.cv-section h2 {
  font-family: var(--font-display);
  font-size: 1.5rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  font-style: normal;
  padding-bottom: 0.5rem;
  border-bottom: 1.5px solid var(--color-rust);
  margin-bottom: 1.2rem;
  color: var(--color-ink);
}

/* --- Contact --- */
.contact-layout {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
  gap: 4rem;
}
.contact-info h3 {
  font-family: var(--font-display);
  font-size: 1.3rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
}
.contact-info p {
  font-size: 0.97rem;
  margin-bottom: 0.6rem;
  color: var(--color-ink-mid);
}
.contact-form-title {
  font-family: var(--font-display);
  font-size: 1.3rem;
  font-style: italic;
  margin-bottom: 1.2rem;
}
.contact-honeypot {
  display: none;
}
.contact-form label {
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.78rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: 0.04em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  display: block;
  margin-bottom: 0.35rem;
  color: var(--color-ink-light);
}
.contact-form input,
.contact-form textarea {
  width: 100%;
  padding: 0.65rem 0.9rem;
  border: 1px solid var(--color-border);
  border-radius: 3px;
  font-family: var(--font-body);
  font-size: 1rem;
  margin-bottom: 1.1rem;
  background: var(--color-surface);
  color: var(--color-ink);
  transition: border-color 0.2s;
}
.contact-form input:focus,
.contact-form textarea:focus {
  outline: none;
  border-color: var(--color-rust);
}
.contact-form textarea { min-height: 150px; resize: vertical; }
.contact-form button {
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 0.05em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--color-surface);
  background: var(--color-rust);
  border: none;
  padding: 0.75rem 2rem;
  border-radius: 3px;
  cursor: pointer;
  transition: background 0.2s;
}
.contact-form button:hover { background: var(--color-rust-hover); }

/* --- Search page --- */
.search-page {
  margin-top: 2rem;
}

.search-page-intro {
  margin-bottom: 1.4rem;
}

.search-widget {
  max-width: 760px;
}

.search-page .pagefind-ui {
  --pagefind-ui-primary: var(--color-rust);
  --pagefind-ui-text: var(--color-ink);
  --pagefind-ui-background: var(--color-surface);
  --pagefind-ui-border: var(--color-border);
  --pagefind-ui-tag: var(--color-rust-light);
  --pagefind-ui-border-width: 1px;
  --pagefind-ui-border-radius: 4px;
  --pagefind-ui-font: var(--font-ui);
}

.search-page .pagefind-ui__search-input {
  font-size: 1rem;
  min-height: 50px;
  padding: 0.8rem 1rem;
}

.search-page .pagefind-ui__result {
  padding: 1rem 0;
  border-top-color: var(--color-border-light);
}

.search-page .pagefind-ui__result-link {
  font-family: var(--font-display);
  font-size: 1.15rem;
}

.search-page .pagefind-ui__message,
.search-page .pagefind-ui__result-excerpt {
  font-family: var(--font-body);
  line-height: 1.7;
}

/* --- Homepage hero (editorial, asymmetric, photo-right) --- */
.home-hero {
  padding-bottom: 2.5rem;
  margin-bottom: 0;
}
.home-hero-inner {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1.05fr) minmax(0, 0.95fr);
  gap: 4.5rem;
  align-items: start;
}
.home-intro {
  padding-top: 0.75rem;
}
.home-wordmark {
  font-family: var(--font-display);
  font-size: clamp(2.1rem, 1.2rem + 4vw, 3.6rem);
  font-weight: 600;
  font-style: normal;
  line-height: 1.05;
  letter-spacing: -0.028em;
  margin: 0 0 0.25rem 0;
  color: var(--color-ink);
}
/* Arabic companion name — sibling scale, not tiny */
.home-name-ar {
  font-family: var(--font-arabic);
  font-size: clamp(1.5rem, 1rem + 2.2vw, 2.3rem);
  font-weight: 700;
  line-height: 1.15;
  color: var(--color-ink);
  margin-bottom: 1.3rem;
  display: block;
}
/* Romanization in AR hero — italic roman */
html[lang="ar"] .home-name-ar,
html[dir="rtl"] .home-name-ar[lang="en"] {
  font-family: var(--font-body);
  font-style: italic;
  font-size: 1.4rem;
}
.home-intro .tagline {
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.82rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.04em;
  color: var(--color-rust);
  margin: 0 0 1.5rem 0;
  display: block;
  max-width: 34rem;
  line-height: 1.5;
}
.home-intro .bio-brief {
  font-size: 1.1rem;
  line-height: 1.8;
  color: var(--color-ink-mid);
  max-width: 34rem;
}
.home-actions {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 0.85rem;
  margin-top: 1.6rem;
}
.home-action-link {
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.82rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.04em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--color-rust);
  border: 1px solid var(--color-border);
  background: var(--color-surface);
  padding: 0.7rem 0.9rem;
}
.home-action-link:hover,
.home-action-link:focus-visible {
  color: var(--color-rust-hover);
  border-color: var(--color-rust);
  background: var(--color-rust-light);
  text-decoration: none;
}
.home-intro .bio-brief p:first-child::first-letter {
  font-family: var(--font-display);
  font-size: 3.2rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  float: left;
  line-height: 0.95;
  padding: 0.35rem 0.55rem 0 0;
  color: var(--color-rust);
}
/* Portrait — hard-edged editorial block, no rounded corners */
.home-portrait {
  margin: 0;
  position: relative;
}
.home-image {
  width: 100%;
  aspect-ratio: 4 / 5;
  object-fit: cover;
  object-position: center 35%;
  border-radius: 0;
  box-shadow: 0 24px 60px -24px rgba(27,23,19,0.25), 0 1px 0 var(--color-border);
  display: block;
}
.home-portrait-credit {
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.68rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.08em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--color-ink-light);
  margin-top: 0.75rem;
  text-align: right;
}

/* --- Homepage collage (fieldwork ribbon) --- */
.home-collage {
  margin: 3rem 0 4rem;
}
.home-collage-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 3fr 4fr 3fr;
  gap: 4px;
}
.home-collage-item {
  margin: 0;
  overflow: hidden;
  background: var(--color-surface);
}
.home-collage-item picture,
.home-collage-item img {
  display: block;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  object-fit: cover;
}
.home-collage-credit {
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.72rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.12em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--color-ink-faint);
  margin: 0.9rem 0 0 0;
  text-align: left;
}
@media (max-width: 640px) {
  .home-collage-grid {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
    grid-template-rows: auto auto;
  }
  .home-collage-landscape { grid-column: 1 / -1; }
}

.home-section { margin-bottom: 3.5rem; }
.home-section-header {
  display: flex;
  align-items: baseline;
  justify-content: space-between;
  margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
  padding-bottom: 0.6rem;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-border-light);
}
.home-section-header h2 {
  font-family: var(--font-display);
  font-size: clamp(1.3rem, 1rem + 1vw, 1.65rem);
  font-weight: 700;
  font-style: normal;
  letter-spacing: -0.01em;
}
.see-all {
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.74rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 0.04em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--color-rust);
  text-decoration: none;
  padding-bottom: 0.08rem;
  border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(107, 58, 36, 0.5);
  transition: opacity 0.2s, border-color 0.2s;
}
.see-all:hover,
.see-all:focus-visible {
  opacity: 0.85;
  border-color: currentColor;
  text-decoration: none;
  color: var(--color-rust);
}

/* --- Refined Contemporary Footer --- */
.site-footer {
  border-top: 1px solid var(--color-border);
  background: var(--color-surface); 
  margin-top: 5rem; 
}

.footer-inner {
  max-width: var(--max-width); 
  margin: 0 auto;
  padding: 5rem 2rem; /* Deep, airy padding for an editorial feel */
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr); /* Forces three strictly equal columns */
  align-items: center; /* Perfect vertical centering across all columns */
  gap: 2rem;
}

/* Typography & Alignment */
.footer-brand, 
.footer-copyright {
  text-align: center; /* Center-aligns the outer columns to match the inner spine */
}

.footer-name {
  font-family: var(--font-display);
  font-weight: 700;
  font-style: italic;
  font-size: 1.25rem; /* Slightly upscaled for a confident presence */
  color: var(--color-ink);
  display: block;
  line-height: 1.2;
}

.footer-name-ar {
  font-family: var(--font-arabic);
  font-size: 1.1rem; 
  color: var(--color-ink-faint);
  display: block;
  margin-bottom: 0.6rem;
}

.footer-location {
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.75rem; 
  letter-spacing: 0.06em;
  text-transform: uppercase; /* Adds a highly sophisticated, gallery-like touch */
  color: var(--color-ink-mid);
  display: block;
}

.footer-links {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: row;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 0.4rem 1.2rem;
}

.footer-links a {
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.85rem; 
  color: var(--color-ink-light);
  letter-spacing: 0.03em;
  padding-bottom: 0.06rem;
  border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(74, 64, 56, 0.25);
  transition: color 0.3s ease, border-color 0.3s ease; /* Smooth transition */
}

.footer-links a:hover,
.footer-links a:focus-visible {
  color: var(--color-rust);
  border-color: currentColor;
}

/* Email link: same visual system as footer links but works in page content too */
.email-link {
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  letter-spacing: 0.02em;
  color: var(--color-rust);
  border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(107, 58, 36, 0.45);
  padding-bottom: 1px;
  transition: color 0.2s ease, border-color 0.2s ease;
}
.email-link:hover {
  color: var(--color-ink);
  border-bottom-color: var(--color-rust);
}
.about-contact {
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.9rem;
  margin-top: 1rem;
  color: var(--color-ink-light);
}

.footer-copyright {
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.75rem;
  color: var(--color-ink-faint);
  letter-spacing: 0.02em;
  line-height: 1.8;
}
/* --- Colophon page --- */
.colophon .colophon-header {
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-border);
  padding-bottom: 2rem;
  margin-bottom: 3rem;
}
.colophon-intro {
  font-family: var(--font-serif-display);
  font-size: 1.2rem;
  color: var(--color-ink-soft);
  font-style: italic;
  max-width: 42rem;
  line-height: 1.6;
  margin-top: 1rem;
}
.colophon-section {
  margin-bottom: 4rem;
}
.colophon-section h2 {
  font-family: var(--font-sans);
  text-transform: uppercase;
  letter-spacing: 0.12em;
  font-size: 0.78rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  color: var(--color-ink-faint);
  margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
  padding-bottom: 0.5rem;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-border);
}
.colophon-credits {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(12rem, 1fr) 2.5fr;
  gap: 0.75rem 2rem;
  margin: 0 0 2rem;
}
.colophon-credits dt {
  font-family: var(--font-sans);
  font-size: 0.78rem;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  letter-spacing: 0.08em;
  color: var(--color-ink-faint);
  padding-top: 0.2rem;
}
.colophon-credits dd {
  margin: 0;
  font-family: var(--font-serif);
  color: var(--color-ink);
}
.colophon-gallery {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);
  gap: 1.5rem;
  margin-top: 2rem;
}
.colophon-figure {
  width: 100%;
  height: auto;
  display: block;
  aspect-ratio: 4 / 3;
  object-fit: cover;
}
.colophon-build {
  font-family: var(--font-serif);
  color: var(--color-ink-soft);
  line-height: 1.7;
  max-width: 42rem;
}
.colophon-build a {
  color: var(--color-rust);
  text-decoration: underline;
  text-underline-offset: 3px;
  text-decoration-thickness: 1px;
}
@media (max-width: 640px) {
  .colophon-credits {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    gap: 0.2rem 0;
  }
  .colophon-credits dd {
    margin-bottom: 1rem;
  }
  .colophon-gallery {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }
}

/* --- Mobile Graceful Degradation --- */
@media (max-width: 768px) {
  .footer-inner {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    gap: 4rem;
    padding: 4rem 1.5rem;
  }
}

/* --- Blurb / Pull-quote shortcode --- */
.blurb {
  margin: 2.5rem 0;
  padding: 1.5rem 2rem;
  border-left: 3px solid var(--color-rust);
  background: var(--color-surface);
  font-family: var(--font-display);
  font-size: 1.2rem;
  font-style: italic;
  color: var(--color-ink-mid);
  line-height: 1.7;
}
.blurb-text { margin-bottom: 0.8rem; }
.blurb-attribution {
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.78rem;
  font-style: normal;
  letter-spacing: 0.03em;
  color: var(--color-ink-faint);
}
.blurb-author {
  font-weight: 600;
  color: var(--color-ink-light);
  font-style: normal;
}
.blurb-source::before { content: ' · '; }

/* --- Turath Games feature card --- */
.turath-feature {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 1fr auto;
  gap: 2rem;
  align-items: center;
  background: var(--color-surface);
  border: 1px solid var(--color-border);
  border-left: 3px solid var(--color-verdigris);
  padding: 2rem 2.5rem;
  margin-bottom: 3.5rem;
}
.turath-feature-text h2 {
  font-family: var(--font-display);
  font-size: 1.35rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  font-style: normal;
  letter-spacing: -0.01em;
  margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
}
.turath-feature-text p {
  font-size: 0.95rem;
  color: var(--color-ink-mid);
  line-height: 1.65;
  max-width: 560px;
  margin-bottom: 0;
}
.turath-feature-link {
  white-space: nowrap;
}

/* --- Responsive --- */
@media (max-width: 768px) {
  :root {
    --header-height: 76px;
  }

  body.nav-open {
    overflow: hidden;
  }

  .menu-toggle { display: block; }

  .header-inner {
    padding: 0 1rem;
    gap: 1rem;
  }

  .logo-en {
    font-size: 1.35rem;
  }

  .logo-ar {
    font-size: 1rem;
  }

  .menu-toggle {
    display: inline-flex;
  }

  .menu-toggle-label {
    display: inline;
  }

  .site-nav {
    display: none;
    position: absolute;
    top: var(--header-height);
    left: 0; right: 0;
    background: var(--color-surface);
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-border);
    box-shadow: 0 6px 20px rgba(27,23,19,0.08);
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: flex-start;
    padding: 0.75rem 1rem 1.2rem;
    max-height: calc(100vh - var(--header-height));
    overflow-y: auto;
  }
  .site-nav.is-open { display: flex; }

  .nav-list { flex-direction: column; gap: 0; width: 100%; }
  .nav-item { width: 100%; }
  .nav-parent-row {
    width: 100%;
    align-items: center;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-border-light);
  }
  .nav-item > a {
    display: block;
    flex: 1 1 auto;
    padding: 0.9rem 0.25rem;
    font-size: 0.96rem;
    box-shadow: none;
  }
  .nav-item > a::after {
    display: none;
  }
  .dropdown-toggle {
    display: inline-flex;
    min-width: 44px;
    min-height: 44px;
    padding: 0;
  }
  .dropdown-toggle[aria-expanded="true"] .nav-caret {
    transform: rotate(225deg) translateY(0.08rem);
  }

  .dropdown {
    position: static; box-shadow: none; border: none;
    padding: 0.15rem 0 0.5rem 1rem; min-width: unset;
    display: none;
    width: 100%;
  }
  .has-dropdown.dropdown-open .dropdown { display: block; }
  .dropdown li a {
    padding: 0.7rem 0.35rem;
    font-size: 0.9rem;
  }

  .search-link {
    width: 100%;
    margin-left: 0;
    margin-top: 0.5rem;
    padding: 0.9rem 0.25rem;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-border-light);
  }
  .search-link-label {
    display: inline;
  }

  .lang-toggle {
    border-left: none; border-top: 1px solid var(--color-border);
    padding-left: 0; padding-top: 0.8rem;
    margin-left: 0; margin-top: 0.6rem;
    width: 100%;
    justify-content: flex-start;
  }
  .lang-link {
    min-height: 44px;
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
  }

  .home-hero-inner,
  .about-layout {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    gap: 1.5rem;
  }
  .site-main {
    padding: 2rem 1rem 4rem;
  }
  .page-content {
    font-size: 1.02rem;
    line-height: 1.78;
  }
  .page-content h2 {
    font-size: 1.45rem;
    margin-top: 2.3rem;
  }
  .page-content h3 {
    font-size: 1.14rem;
  }
  .home-intro {
    padding-top: 0;
  }
  .home-wordmark {
    font-size: clamp(1.9rem, 1.2rem + 3.8vw, 2.6rem);
  }
  .home-intro .tagline {
    font-size: 0.9rem;
    margin-bottom: 1rem;
  }
  .home-intro .bio-brief {
    font-size: 1.02rem;
    line-height: 1.72;
  }
  .home-portrait {
    order: 2;
  }
  .home-image {
    width: 100%;
    aspect-ratio: 4 / 5;
    max-width: 18rem;
    margin: 0 auto;
  }
  .home-portrait-credit { text-align: center; }
  .profile-image {
    width: 140px;
    margin: 0 auto 1.5rem;
    display: block;
  }
  .home-intro .bio-brief p:first-child::first-letter {
    font-size: 2.6em;
  }
  .home-actions {
    gap: 0.6rem;
  }
  .home-action-link {
    width: 100%;
    text-align: center;
  }

  .pub-card { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 1rem; }
  .pub-card {
    padding: 1.4rem 0;
  }
  .pub-cover {
    width: 92px;
  }
  .pub-info h3 {
    font-size: 1.18rem;
  }
  .pub-meta,
  .pub-description {
    font-size: 0.92rem;
  }
  .pub-links,
  .publications-utility,
  .talk-actions,
  .research-attachments {
    gap: 0.5rem;
  }
  .pub-link,
  .talk-action,
  .attachment-link {
    min-height: 40px;
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    padding: 0.45rem 0.8rem;
  }
  .publications-utility .pub-link {
    flex: 1 1 calc(50% - 0.5rem);
  }
  .publication-section-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .publication-section-card {
    padding: 1rem 1rem 1.1rem;
  }
  .publication-section-card-link {
    grid-template-columns: 72px 1fr;
    gap: 0.85rem;
  }
  .publication-section-cover { width: 72px; }
  .article-item {
    grid-template-columns: 1.8rem 1fr;
    gap: 0.75rem;
    padding: 1rem 0;
  }
  .article-item h3 {
    font-size: 1rem;
  }
  .talk-card {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    gap: 1rem;
    padding: 1.4rem 0;
  }
  .talk-title {
    font-size: 1.18rem;
  }
  .talk-meta,
  .talk-description {
    font-size: 0.92rem;
  }
  .research-card {
    padding: 1.1rem 1rem;
  }
  .research-card h3 {
    font-size: 1.08rem;
  }
  .research-summary {
    font-size: 0.92rem;
  }
  .lesson-card {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    gap: 0.75rem;
    padding: 1rem;
  }
  .lesson-number {
    text-align: left;
    font-size: 1.1rem;
    padding-top: 0;
  }
  .section-header,
  .home-section-header {
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: flex-start;
    gap: 0.5rem;
  }
  .section-count,
  .see-all {
    font-size: 0.78rem;
  }

  .footer-inner {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    text-align: center;
    padding: 3rem 1.25rem;
    gap: 2.5rem;
  }
  .footer-brand, .footer-copyright { text-align: center; }
  .footer-links { flex-direction: row; justify-content: center; flex-wrap: wrap; }

  .contact-layout { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 2rem; }
  .contact-form input,
  .contact-form textarea {
    font-size: 16px;
    padding: 0.8rem 0.95rem;
  }
  .contact-form button {
    width: 100%;
    min-height: 44px;
  }

  .turath-feature { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .turath-feature-link { margin-top: 0.8rem; }
}

@media (max-width: 480px) {
  .site-main {
    padding: 1.6rem 0.9rem 3.5rem;
  }

  .menu-toggle-label {
    font-size: 0.74rem;
  }

  .home-actions,
  .publications-utility,
  .pub-links,
  .talk-actions,
  .research-attachments {
    flex-direction: column;
  }

  .publications-utility .pub-link,
  .pub-link,
  .talk-action,
  .attachment-link {
    width: 100%;
  }

  .publication-section-card-link {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }

  .publication-section-art {
    margin-bottom: 0.25rem;
  }

  .publication-section-cover,
  .pub-cover {
    width: 86px;
  }

  .search-page .pagefind-ui__search-input {
    min-height: 46px;
  }
}

/* ============================================
   Reduced motion — disable transitions and
   backdrop effects for vestibular safety
   ============================================ */
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  *, *::before, *::after {
    animation-duration: 0.001ms !important;
    animation-iteration-count: 1 !important;
    transition-duration: 0.001ms !important;
    scroll-behavior: auto !important;
  }
  .site-header {
    -webkit-backdrop-filter: none;
    backdrop-filter: none;
    background: var(--color-surface);
  }
}

/* ============================================
   Print — CV, publications, research pages
   ============================================ */
@media print {
  /* Page geometry */
  @page { margin: 2cm; }

  /* Strip chrome */
  .site-header,
  .skip-link,
  .search-link,
  footer,
  .lang-toggle,
  .home-portrait,
  .home-name-ar,
  .turath-feature,
  .pub-link,
  .pub-tags,
  video,
  audio,
  iframe,
  .video-embed { display: none !important; }

  /* Reset palette to black on white */
  body {
    background: #fff !important;
    color: #000 !important;
    font-family: var(--font-serif);
    font-size: 11pt;
    line-height: 1.6;
  }

  /* Strip noise texture and surface tones */
  body::before { display: none !important; }

  /* Headings */
  h1, h2, h3, h4 { color: #000 !important; page-break-after: avoid; }
  .page-title { font-size: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.5cm; }
  .cv-section h2 { font-size: 13pt; border-bottom: 0.5pt solid #888; }

  /* Prevent cards/entries breaking mid-content */
  .pub-card,
  .research-card,
  .talk-card,
  .article-item,
  .cv-section { page-break-inside: avoid; }

  /* Show full URLs after links in body text */
  .page-content a[href]::after {
    content: " (" attr(href) ")";
    font-size: 8pt;
    color: #555;
    word-break: break-all;
  }
  /* Suppress URL display for same-page fragment links and relative nav */
  .page-content a[href^="#"]::after,
  .page-content a[href^="/"]::after { content: none; }

  /* Publication cover images: small and left-floated */
  .pub-cover { max-width: 1.8cm; float: left; margin: 0 0.4cm 0.2cm 0; }
  .pub-card-noimage .pub-cover { display: none; }

  /* Remove decorative borders/shadows */
  .research-card,
  .pub-card,
  .talk-card { box-shadow: none !important; border: none !important; border-bottom: 0.5pt solid #ccc !important; }

  /* Full-width layout for print */
  .site-main { max-width: 100% !important; padding: 0 !important; }
  .pub-card { grid-template-columns: 1fr !important; }
}